Revolutions in Europe (1776–1848)

Type:

Book Chapter

Author:

Annie Jourdan

Published:

2021

Publisher:

Routledge

The second wave, which hit in the 1790s, affected much of Europe on the heels of the French Revolution and culminated in the uprisings of the 1820s. The only reforms approved by these despots tended to strengthen their power and rationalize their states in the hope of increasing their resources. Analysis of revolutionary waves has the undeniable advantage not only of discovering connections, which seem to function as ricochets, but also of making a distinction among them. In the 1780s, despite the precedent of the American Revolution, which had recently proclaimed and enforced the rights of men, most European countries were asking only for e-establishment of their original rights – rights that were seen as having been violated by their respective governments. Liberty and equality remained but only as civil rights and as constitutional freedoms; there was one legislative body and a separation of powers between it and the monarch.

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